Summary

Lanaguaje in Contact: Human beings are great travelers and traders and colonizers. The mythical tales of nearly all cultures tell of the trials and tribulations of travel and explorations. In some parts of the world, for example in billingual communities, you may not have to travel very far at all to find the lenguage disconnet, and in other parts you may have to cross an ocean.   

Lingua Franca: a laguage used for communication between speakers of different native laguages. The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. English has been called “the lingua franca of the whole world”. French, at one time, was “the lingua franca of diplomacy”, Russian serves as the lingua franca in the contries of the former Soviet Union, Latin was a lingua franca of the Roman Impire, Yiddish has a long served as a lingua franca among Jewish people. Nigeria its lingua franca is Hausa, Hindi and Urdu are the lingua francas of India and Pakistan. In modern China, 94 percent of the people speak Han lenguages. You can more information here

Pidgins : develop a lenguaje to communicate with one another that is not native to anyone. Such a lenguaje is called pidgin. Many pidgins developed during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, in trade colonies along the coast of China, Africa, and the new World. These pidgins arose through contact between speakers of colonial European laguage such as English, French, Portuguese, and Dutch. Most of the lexical ítems of the pidgin come from the language of the dominant group. This language is called the superstrate or lexifier language. If a language continues to exist and be necessary, a muchmore regular and complex form of pidgin evolves-what is sometimes  called a “stabilized pidgin”- and this allows it to be used more effectively in a variety of situations. Further development leads to the creation of a creole.

Creoles:   is defined as a language that has evolved in a contact situation to become the native language of a generation of speakers. In contrast to pidgings, creoles may have inflectional morphology for tense, plurality and so on.

       For example in creoles spoken in the South Pacific the affix-im is added to transitive verbs, but when the verb has no object the -im ending does not occur.

               

                     man i pairipim masket.

                     man be fired-him musket

                     ''the man fired the musket''

Characteristics

• Creoles typically develop more complex pronoun system.
• The phrasal structure of creoles is also vastly enriched, including embedded and relative clauses, among many other features of ''regular'' languages.
• Creoles are simpler systems than ''regular'' languages, most researches who have closely examined the grammatical properties of various creoles argue that they are not structurally different from non-creole languages and that exceptional property of creoles is the sociohistorical conditions under which they evolve.

Code-switching:  is a speech style unique to bilinguals, in which fluent speakers switch languages between or within snetences, as ilustrated  by the following sentence:

• Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English and termino en español.
• Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English and finish it in Spanish.

Characteristics:

• Code-switching is a universal langauge- contact phenomenon that reflects the grammars of both languages working simultaneously.
• Code-switching occurs wherever groups of bilinguals speak the same two languages.
• Code-switchers also follow the word order rules of the languages.

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