On behalf of all those who integrate '' THE ART OF JOINING LANGUAGES '', we give you the most cordial welcome to our blog.

This blog was created by students from UNAH of the class Introduction to Linguistics.

Have you ever wondered  how language is in contact?

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In this blog we are going to discuss: Languages in Contact:  Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creole, Creolization Code-switching.

We hope this will be useful for you.

Enrich Your Knowledge!😃

This is a general video on the subject

Power Point Presentation

 If you are interested here you can see more slides

Pictures and Videos about the topic.

Photo Album

Summary

Lanaguaje in Contact: Human beings are great travelers and traders and colonizers. The mythical tales of nearly all cultures tell of the trials and tribulations of travel and explorations. In some parts of the world, for example in billingual communities, you may not have to travel very far at all to find the lenguage disconnet, and in other parts you may have to cross an ocean.   

Lingua Franca: a laguage used for communication between speakers of different native laguages. The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. English has been called “the lingua franca of the whole world”. French, at one time, was “the lingua franca of diplomacy”, Russian serves as the lingua franca in the contries of the former Soviet Union, Latin was a lingua franca of the Roman Impire, Yiddish has a long served as a lingua franca among Jewish people. Nigeria its lingua franca is Hausa, Hindi and Urdu are the lingua francas of India and Pakistan. In modern China, 94 percent of the people speak Han lenguages. You can more information here

Pidgins : develop a lenguaje to communicate with one another that is not native to anyone. Such a lenguaje is called pidgin. Many pidgins developed during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, in trade colonies along the coast of China, Africa, and the new World. These pidgins arose through contact between speakers of colonial European laguage such as English, French, Portuguese, and Dutch. Most of the lexical ítems of the pidgin come from the language of the dominant group. This language is called the superstrate or lexifier language. If a language continues to exist and be necessary, a muchmore regular and complex form of pidgin evolves-what is sometimes  called a “stabilized pidgin”- and this allows it to be used more effectively in a variety of situations. Further development leads to the creation of a creole.

Creoles:   is defined as a language that has evolved in a contact situation to become the native language of a generation of speakers. In contrast to pidgings, creoles may have inflectional morphology for tense, plurality and so on.

       For example in creoles spoken in the South Pacific the affix-im is added to transitive verbs, but when the verb has no object the -im ending does not occur.

               

                     man i pairipim masket.

                     man be fired-him musket

                     ''the man fired the musket''

Characteristics

• Creoles typically develop more complex pronoun system.
• The phrasal structure of creoles is also vastly enriched, including embedded and relative clauses, among many other features of ''regular'' languages.
• Creoles are simpler systems than ''regular'' languages, most researches who have closely examined the grammatical properties of various creoles argue that they are not structurally different from non-creole languages and that exceptional property of creoles is the sociohistorical conditions under which they evolve.

Code-switching:  is a speech style unique to bilinguals, in which fluent speakers switch languages between or within snetences, as ilustrated  by the following sentence:

• Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English and termino en español.
• Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English and finish it in Spanish.

Characteristics:

• Code-switching is a universal langauge- contact phenomenon that reflects the grammars of both languages working simultaneously.
• Code-switching occurs wherever groups of bilinguals speak the same two languages.
• Code-switchers also follow the word order rules of the languages.

You can find more information here

Semantic Map

Language In Contact por Dulce Ramirez

Questionnaire

We show you some questions and you can check your understanding on the subject

1. How are children able to construct a creole based on the rudimentary input of the pidgin?
2.  What are examples of pidgin languages?
3. What do you think is the difference between creole and dialect?
4. Can English be classified as a Creole language?
5. Do all Creole languages evolved from Pidgin necessarily? Why or why not?
6. What would you consider to be the critical differences between a Creole and a complete language?
7. What are some of the most developed English creole/pidgins?
8. Is English a pidgin?
9. What is the difference between pidgins and creole?
10. What Creoles and pidgin languages are mutually intelligible with English?
11. What does code-switching reflects

Reflections

Dulce Milagro : Working in these topics I learned about language transformation that is not necessary to travel very far and find diverse languages, also that language contant occurs when two or more languages or varieties interact, and I read that language mixture are pidgins creoles and code-switching so they are related between them.

Keylin Ramos: Our subject ''Languages in Contact" is interesting and I learned a lot with this innovative method and I understood why and how some languages interacted with each other, and what consequences this contact brought, I think that making a blog is very useful for everyone because it is more detailed, explaining in different ways the theme, which facilitates the understanding  and also helps to apply and improve our skills.

Julio Munguia : Reading and analyze this topic I learned that we human beings can comunicate with other people who speak another language other than the native language, and I understood how a pidgin language was created and how a creole is being formed, besides I learned that some people can talk with code-switching like spanish-english-german among others, I enjoyed doing this blog because  I did not understand many things but now I know.

References

Bibliographical Citations

• Victoria Fromkin, R. R. An introduction to language. En R. R. Victoria Fromkin, An introduction to language . California Los Angeles: Wadsworth.
• J.LaPolla, R. (05 de 2010). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810011705. Obtenido de https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810011705: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810011705
• Lapolla, R. J. (05 de 2010). sciencedirect. Recuperado el 26 de 07 de 2018, de sciencedirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com